Aircraft control and auxiliary functions have always incorporated a mix of technologies. However,
these safety-critical technologies have been slow to update over the years. There is still a mix of oil
hydraulics, compressed air, mechanical cables, and electrics, but there has been a movement
towards ‘More Electric Aircraft’ or MEA since at least the 1990s. The EU’s Clean Aviation program
and the US Federal Aviation Administration are investing in MEA, in line with the International Air

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